Đề cương ôn thi THPT Quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh - Năm học 2017-2018 - Trường THPT Thái Phiên

Nội dung text: Đề cương ôn thi THPT Quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh - Năm học 2017-2018 - Trường THPT Thái Phiên

1. Trường THPT Thái Phiên Tổ Ngoại ngữ ĐỀ CƯƠNG ÔN TẬP KỲ THI THPT QUỐC GIA NĂM HỌC 2017-2018 Part 1: GRAMMAR 1. Tenses 2. Reported Speech 3. Passive Voice 4. Conditional Sentences 5. Relative Clauses 6. Articles and Prepositions 7. Modal Verbs 8. Comparisons 9. Phrasal Verbs 10. Adverbial Clauses of Time 11. Infinitives – Gerunds 12. Present/ Past Participles - Perfect Gerund & Perfect Participles 13. Pronouns “one(s), someone, anyone, no one, everyone” 14. Conjunctions “both and; not only but also; either or; neither nor”. 15. Cleft Sentences 16. Conditional in Reported Speech. 17. Tag Questions Part 2: LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS Part 3: PRACTICE TESTS 1. Practice test 1 2. Practice test 2 3. Practice test 3 4. Practice test 4 5. Practice test 5 Part 4: PAST TESTS PART 1: GRAMMAR 1. TENSES TENSES USES EXAMPLES - a habit / a repeated action - Tom often gets up at 8. PRESENT SIMPLE - a fact / truth - She comes from England. S + V (+s / es) - timetable (with a future meaning) - The train leaves at 6 tomorrow. - an activity happening at the moment of - We are learning English now. speaking. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - an activity happening around now. - I am reading a good book these S + am / is / are + V- ing - a future arrangement days. - a complaint (when used with always, - Tom is coming here next Friday. all the time. ) - You are always teasing me. - an action that happened some time - I’ve been to Hanoi three times. before now (with no definite time) as an PRESENT PERFECT experience. S + have / has + V-ed,3 - an action that began in the past and - We’ve lived in Danang since 1960/ continues to the present. for 10 years. PRESENT PERFECT - an action that began in the past and - It has been raining for two hours. continues to the present. - We’ve been living in Danang since 1960. PROGRESSIVE - A present result of an activity that has - You’re out of breath. Have you S + have / has been + V-ing just stopped. been running? - a completed action at a definite time in - We played football yesterday. PAST SIMPLE the past. - When the clock struck 6, I woke S + V-ed - telling a story. up and heard the sound of the rain. 1
2. - an action that was happening at a - I was watching TV at 8 last night. particular time in the past. - I was watching TV when you PAST PROGRESSIVE - an action that was happening when called last night. S + was / were + V-ing another action happened. - While we were watching TV, my - Two or more actions happening at the father was repairing things around same rime. the house. PAST PERFECT - an action that happened before Sue moved to New York after she S+ had + V-ed,3 another action in the past. had spent two years in Chicago. PAST PERFECT - an action that happened over a period Tom had been studying for two CONTINUOUS of time before another action in the hours before his friends came. S+ had been + V-ing past. - Will: a future plan made at the moment - A: It’s so hot here. FUTURE SIMPLE of speaking. B: Oh, I will open the window. S + will + bare-infinitive - Be going to: a future plan made before - A: What are you going to do this S + be going to + bare inf. the moment of speaking. summer vacation? B: I’m going to Ha Long bay. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE - an action that is happening at a - At 8 o’clock tomorrow, I will be S + will + be + V-ing particular time in the future. sitting in class. - an action that will be completed before - I will have finished my homework FUTURE PERFECT another time or event in the future. by the time I go out on a date S + will + have + P.P. tonight. FUTURE PERFECT - an action that will be happening before - I will have been sleeping for 2 PROGRESSIVE anther time or event in the future. hours by the time he gets home. S + will + have + been + V-ing EXERCISES I. Choose A, B, C, or D that best completes each unfinished sentence. 1. Tom ___ his hand when he was cooking the dinner. A. burnt B. was burning C. has burnt D. had burnt 2. We’re good friends. We ___ each other for a long time. A. know B. have known C. knew D. have been knowing 3. Paul, Could you please turn off the stove? The potatoes___ for at least thirty minutes. A. are boiling B. boiling C. have been boiling D. were boiling 4. By the time I ___ to bed tonight, I will have finished my work for the day. A. go B. will go C. went D. had gone 5. They ___ a lot of preparations before the match started. A. has made B. had made C. will be made D. are making 6. Mr. Gibbon usually drinks mineral water, but in this party he___ champagne. A. drinks B. will drink C. has drunk D. is drinking 7. “How long have you been married?” - “We___ married for twenty years on our next wedding anniversary.” A. will have been B. have been C. had been D. will be 8. About a year ago, he ___ elected president of a big company and he ___ a holiday since then. A. was/ doesn’t have B. was/ had C. was/ hadn’t had D. was/ hasn’t had 9. We missed the train. It ___ by the time we arrived at the station. A. left B. was leaving C. had left D. have left 10. It's time we___ this old car and bought a new one. A. will sell B. have sold C. had sold D. sold 11. When he arrived, a crowd ___ for several hours to greet him. A. had been waiting B. is waiting C. has been waiting D. was waiting 12. I ___ with my aunt when I go to Mexico next summer. A. ‘ll have been staying B. staying C. ‘ll be staying D. stay 13. When I see the doctor this afternoon, I___ him to look at my throat. A. will ask B. ask C. would ask D. will have asked 14. By this time next summer, you ___ your studies. A. completes B. will complete C. are completing D. will have completed 15. Right now, Jim ___ the newspaper and Kathy ___ dinner. A. reads / has cooked B. is reading / is cooking C. has read / was cooking D. read / will be cooking 16. Last night at this time, they ___ the same thing. She ___ and he ___the Newspaper. A. are doing / is cooking / is reading B. were doing / was cooking / was reading C. was doing / has cooked / is reading D. had done / was cooking /read 17. When I ___ home last night, I ___ that Jane ___ a beautiful candlelight dinner. A. had arrived / discovered / prepared B. was arriving / had discovered / was preparing C. have arrived / was discovering / had prepared D. arrived / discovered / was preparing 18. Every day I ___ up at 6 o'clock, ___ breakfast at 7 o'clock and ___ for work at 8 o'clock A. get / eat / leave B. have got / eating / leaving C. got / ate / left D. will get / have eaten / left 19. Yesterday, I ___ for work late because I ___ to set my alarm. 2
3. A. had left / forgot B. was leaving / was forgetting C. left / had forgotten D. had been leaving / would forget 20. By the time we ___ to the train station, Susan ___ for us for more than two hours. A. will get / has been waiting B. got / was waiting C. got / had been waiting D. get / will wait 21. ___ Tom Cruise's last movie? Yes, I ___ it three days ago A. Have you ever seen / saw B. Did you ever see / have seen C. Had you ever seen / would see D. Will you ever see / saw 22. In the past, people ___ to the beach more often. A. have gone B. used to go C. were going D. had gone 23. Soon, people ___ most of the time at home. A. will work B. are working C. have worked D. work 24. I ___ a terrible accident while I ___ on the beach. A. see / am walking B. saw / was walking C was seeing / walked D. have seen / were walking 25. We ___ touch since we ___ school three years ago. A. lost / have left B. have lost / leave C. have lost / left D. were losing / had left II. Choose the underlined word or phrase in each sentence that needs correcting : 26. Millions of people visited Disney World in Orlando, Florida, since it opened. A B C D 27. At summer camp last year children swam, rode horses, and were playing baseball. A B C D 28. This is the first time I tried to play badminton. A B C D 29. The last time we decorated the flat was 5 years ago. The flat wasn’t decorated for five years. A B C D 30. It is important to note that such a happy marriage does not come about by accident, A B but it had taken years of dedicated work to bring this kind of relationship into existence. C D 31. Economic reform has dominated Australian economic policy from the early 1980s until the A B C D end of the 20th century. 32. Such human activities as pollution, drainage of wetlands, cutting and clearing of forests, A B C urbanization, and road and dam construction has destroyed or seriously damaged available habitats. D 33. Since 1984 the sport was included in the Olympic Games as part of the yachting events. A B C D 34. The first world championship of windsurfing has been held in 1973. Windsurfing first became A B C an Olympic sport in 1984 for men and 1992 for women. D 35. Hardly I had got onto the motorway when I saw two police cars following me. A B C D III. Choose the sentence which has the closest meaning to the original one. 36. This is the first time I’ve attended such an enjoyable wedding party. A. The first wedding party I attended was enjoyable. B. I had the first enjoyable wedding party. C. My attendance at the first wedding party was enjoyable. D. I have never attended such an enjoyable wedding party before. 37. I have not met her for three years. A. The last time I met her was three years ago. B. It is three years when I will meet her. C. I did not meet her three years ago. D. During three years, I met her once. 38. This pasta is a new experience for me. A. I used to eat a lot of pasta. B. I am used to eating pasta. C. It is the first time I have eaten pasta. D. I have ever eaten pasta many times before. 39. I have not seen Tom for ages. A. It has been a long time since I last saw Tom. B. Tom and I do not look the same age. C. Tom and I are friends for a long time. D. I often met Tom ages ago. 40. Julie and Anne had not met each other before the party. A. Julie and Anne got acquainted when they were at the party. B. The party prevented Julie and Anne from meeting each other. C. The party was the place where Julie and Anne could not meet each other. D. Julie and Anne used to meet each other for the party. 41. The last time I went to the museum was a year ago. 3
4. A. I have not been to the museum for a year. B. A year ago, I often went to the museum. C. My going to the museum lasted a year. D. At last I went to the museum after a year. 42. The last time when I saw her was three years ago. A. I have often seen her for the last three years. B. About three years ago, I used to meet her. C. I have not seen her for three years. D. I saw her three years ago and will never meet her again. 43. By the time we finished our work, Peter had already gone home. A. Peter did not go home until we finished our work. B. As soon as we finished our work, we would go home with Peter. C. We finished our work before Peter went home. D. Peter had gone home before we finished our work. 44. It has been years since I last ate fish. A. I have not eaten fish for years. B. For many years, I have eaten only fish. C. I like eating fish for years. D. It is fish that I have eaten for many years. 45. It will not be long until he is at the meeting. A. It will take him a long time to attend the meeting. B. He will be at the meeting soon. C. The meeting will last for a long time. D. He has been at the meeting for a long time 46. She has cooked for dinner for two hours. A. She didn't start cooking for dinner until it was two. B. She started cooking for dinner two hours ago. C. She has two hours to cook for dinner. D. Cooking for dinner took her two hours. 47. He last had his eyes tested ten months ago. A. He had tested his eyes ten months before. B. He had not tested his eyes for ten months then. C. He hasn't had his eyes tested for ten months. D. He didn't have any test on his eyes in ten months. 48. I should have studied last night, but I was too tired A. I couldn't study last night because I was very tired. B. I studied last night, so I was very tired. C. I tried to study last night but I felt bored. D. I didn't study last night because I felt very bored. 49. No sooner had she put the telephone down than her boss rang back. A. As soon as her boss rang back, she put down the telephone. B. Scarely had she put the telephone down when her boss rang back. C. Hardly she had hung up, she rang her boss immediately. D. She had hardly put the telephone down without her boss rang back. 50. The last time I went swimming was when we were in Spain. A. I swam a lot when we were in Spain. B. I hadn't been swimming before we moved to Spain. C. I haven't been swimming since we were in Spain. D. I went swimming while we lived in Spain. 2. REPORTED SPEECH  Note: Khi muốn chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang lời nói gián tiếp, ta cần lưu ý đến một số thay đổi sau: + Changing pronouns and possessive adjectives (I - he/ she, my - his/ her, ) + Changing tenses: DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Simple Present Simple Past Present Continuous Past Continuous Present Perfect Past Perfect Simple Past can/ will + Bare inf. could/ would + Bare inf. must + Bare inf. had to + Bare inf. + Changing Adverbs of Time and Places, Demonstratives: DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH Now Then Today That day Tonight That night Yesterday The day before/ The previous day Yesterday morning The previous morning Last night/ year The previous night/ year (a week) ago (a week) before Tomorrow The day after/ The following day 4
5. Tomorrow morning The following morning Next week/ month The following week This That These Those Here There 1. Reported Imperative: S + agreed/ offered/ promised/ refused/ + (not) to infinitive To infinitive S + asked/ told/ advised/ invited/ . + O + (not) to infinitive S + admitted/ denied / suggested + (not) + V-ing Gerund S + confessed to/ insisted on/ dreamed of/ + (not) + V-ing S + accused s.body of / congratulated s.body on/ apologized to s.body for + (not) + V-ing 2. Reported Statement : S + said + (that) + S + V told someone 3. Reported Questions : a) YES - NO Questions : S + asked someone/ wondered/ wanted to know + if/ whether + S + V Wh - How Questions : S + asked someone / wondered/ wanted to know + wh-/ how + S + V EXERCISES I. Choose A, B, C, or D that best completes each unfinished sentence. 1. James him up when the bus reached the square a. told me wake b. asked me to wake c. said me to wake d. requested me waking 2. The policeman asked us a. had any of us seen the accident happen b. If had any of us seen the accident happen c. Whether any of us had seen the accident happen d. that if any of us had seen the accident happen 3. I asked him ,but he said nothing a. what the matter was b. what was the matter c. the matter was what d. what’s the matter was 4. She asked me the seat or not a. if / had occupied b. whether / was occupied c. if / has been occupied d. whether / occupied 5. I wonder .we’ll catch the bus we’ll take a taxi a. if / and whether b. whether / or that c. if / or that d. whether / or whether 6. Excuse me. Could you tell me ? a. what time is it b. what is the time c. what time it is d. it is what time 7. We wonder .from his office after that scandal a. why did he not resign b. why he did not resign c. why he not resign d. why didn’t he resign 8. Jeff wanted to know a. that why were his friends laughing b. why were his friends laughing c. why his friends were laughing d. the reason why his friends laughing 9. Mr Hawk told me that he would give me his answer the day a. previous b. following c. before d. last 10. She him whether he liked the steak she cooked a. asks b. wondered c. wanted to know d. asked 11. His neighbours sometimes wondered .he did for a living a. why b. when c. where d. what 12. Could you please tell me ? a. It is how far to the nearest bus stop b. how far is it to the nearest bus stop c. how far to the nearest bus stop is it d. how far it is to the nearest bus stop 13. Marigold wondered Kevin and Ruth would be at the party a. that b. whether c. if d. b& c 5
6. 14. He asked me . a. How long you have studied English b. How long had you studied English c. How long you had study English d. How long you had studied English 15. The passenger asked we landed a. what b. when c. if d. why 16. The mother told her son so impolitely. a. not behave b. not to behave c. not behaving d. did not behave 17. She said she collect it for me after work. a. would b. did c. must d. had 18. Laura said she had worked on the assignment since . a. yesterday b. two days ago c. the day before d. the next day 19. Peter said that he had lived in London four years . a. ago b. before c. later d. then 20. The guest told the host that . a. I must go now b. he must go now c. he had to go now d. he had to go then 21. The teacher told Joe . a. to stop talking b. stop talking c. stops talking d. stopped talking 22. She said she . a. was very tired last night b. was very tired the night before c. had been very tired last night d. had been very tired the night before 23. Emily said that her teacher to London . a. will go / tomorrow b. went / tomorrow c. would go / the next dayd. had gone / the next day II. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected. 1. I asked him how far was it to the station if I went there by taxi. a b c d 2. They asked me that I could do the shopping for them. a b c d 3. Her mother ordered her do not go out with him the night before. a b c d 4. She said that the books in the library would be available tomorrow. a b c d 5. He advised her thinking about that example again because it needed correcting. a b c d 6. My mother said me to sit down at the table and do my homework. a b c d 7. They asked me what did happen last night, but I was unable to tell them. a b c d III. Choose the sentence which is closest in meaning to the original one. 1. . “I’ll tell you about this tomorrow, Mary.” said Tom. a. Tom said to Mary that he will tell her about that the next day. b. Tom told Mary that I would tell you about that the next day. c. Tom told Mary that he would tell her about that the next day. d. Tom told Mary that she would tell him about that the next day. 2. He said, “My wife has just bought a diamond ring.” a. He said that his wife had just bought a diamond ring. b. He said that my wife had just bought a diamond ring. c. He said that his wife has just bought a diamond ring. d. he said that his wife just bought a diamond ring. 3. “It is the time to check what you have done”, the father said to the boys. a. The father said to the boys it was time to check what they had done. b. The father told the boys it was time to check what they had done. c. The father told the boys it was time to check what they have done. d. The father told the boys it is time to check what they had done. 4. . “I have just seen your mother this morning”. a. Laura told Lewis I have just seen your mother this morning. b. Laura told Lewis she had just seen his mother that morning. c. Laura told Lewis she has just seen his mother that morning. d. Laura told Lewis he had just seen her mother that morning. 5. Mrs Smith: “ Don’t play in front of my windows” a. Mrs Smith told us not to play in front of her windows. b. Mrs Smith told us not to play in front of my windows. 6
7. c. Mrs Smith told us to not play in front of her windows. d. Mrs Smith said us not to play in front of her windows. 6. “Don’t make noise because I am listening music now” a. He asked me not to make noise because I am listening music now. b. He asked me not to make noise because I was listening music then. c. He asked me not to make noise because he was listening music then. d. He asked me to make noise because I was listening music then. 7. Teacher: “ Don’t forget your homework” a. Teacher reminded me not to forget my homework. b. Teacher asked me if not to forget my home work. c. Teacher reminded whether I not to forget my home work. d. Teacher reminded me not to forget your home work. 8. Tom: “ Why don’t you study hard for the coming exam, Ba” a. Tom advised me not to study hard for the coming exam. b. Tom advised me to study hard for the coming exam. c. Tom advised Ba not to study hard for the coming exam. d. Tom advised Ba to study hard for the coming exam. 9.“I didn’t meet Susan last week” a. He said he didn’t meet Susan the week before. b. He said he hasn’t met Susan last week. c. He said he hadn’t met Susan last week. d. He said he hadn’t met Susan the week before. 10. "If I were you, I'd tell him the truth," she said to me. a. She said to me that if I were you, I'd tell him the truth. b. She will tell him the truth if she is me. c. She suggested to tell him the truth if she were me. d. She advised me to tell him the truth. 3. PASSIVE VOICE Active voice: S + V + O Passive voice: S + be + PP + ( by agent ) Examples: 1. They usually hold the concerts at the university. - The concerts are usually held at the university 2. They haven’t told the students about the changes of the timetable yet - The students haven’t been told about the changes of the timetable yet. 3. The police found two children in the forest. - Two children were found in the forest by the police. Bảng các thì ở thể bị động: Tenses Active Passive Simple Present S + V + O S + be + PP + by + O Present Continuous S + am/is/are + V-ing + O S + am/is/are + being + PP + by + O Present Perfect S + has/have + PP + O S + has/have + been + PP + by + O Simple Past S + V-ed + O S + was/were + PP + by + O 7
8. Past Continuous S + was/were + V-ing + O S + was/were + being + PP + by + O Past Perfect S + had + PP + O S + had + been + PP + by + O Simple Future S + will/shall + V + O S + will + be + PP + by + O Future Perfect S + will/shall + have + PP + O S + will + have + been + PP + by + O Be + going to S + am/is/are + going to + V + O S + am/is/are + going to + be + PP + by + O Model Verbs S + model verb + V + O S + model verb + be + PP + by + O  MỘT SỐ DẠNG BỊ ĐỘNG ĐẶC BIỆT 1. Mẫu câu với have/get: * S + have + Sb + V + O → S + have + O + PP.2 + (by+ Sb) Ex: I had him repair my bike. → I had my bike repaired by him. * S + get + Sb + to-V + O → S + get + O + to be + PP.2 (by + Sb) Ex: We get him to look after our house when we are on business. → We get our house to be looked after (by him) when we are on business. 2. Sb + need + to-V + Sth + → Sth + need + V-ing + Ex: We need to water the plants everyday. → The plants need watering everyday. 3. Câu bị động có động từ tường thuật – Chủ động: S1 + V1 + that + S2 + V2 + O + * Những động từ tường thuật (Reporting Verbs = V1) thường gặp: think consider know believe say suppose suspect rumour declare Ex1: People say that he always drink a lot of wine. → It is said that he always drink a lot of wine. Or: He is said to always drink a lot of wine. Ex2: Villagers think that he broke into her house. → It is thought that he broke into her house. Or: He is thought to have broken into her house. Ex3: The police believed that the murderer died. → It was believed that the murderer died. Or: The murderer was believed to die. EXERCISES I. Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D that best completes each sentence. 1. We can’t go along here because the road___. A. is repairing B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. repairs 2. The story I’ve just read___ Agatha Christie. A. was written B. was written by C. was written from D. wrote by 3. I’m going to go out and___. A. have cut my hair B. have my hair cut C. cut my hair D. my hair be cut 4. Something funny___ in class yesterday. A. happened B. was happened C. happens D. is happened 5. Many US automobiles___ in Detroit, Michigan A. manufacture B. have manufactured C. are manufactured D. are manufacturing 6. A lot of pesticide residue can___ unwashed produce. A. find B. found C. be finding D. be found 7. We___ by a loud noise during the night. A. woke up B. are woken up C. were woken up D. were waking up 8. Some film stars___ difficult to work with. A. are said be B. are said to be C. say to be D. said to be 9. Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? – I don’t enjoy___ at. A. be laughed B. to be laughed C. laughing D. being laughed 10. Today, many serious childhood diseases___ by early immunization.[ sự miễn dịch] A. are preventing B. can prevent C. prevent D. can be prevented 11. Do you get your heating___ every year? A. checking B. check C. be checked D. checked 12. Bicycles___ in the driveway. 8
9. A. must not leave B. must not be leaving C. must not be left D. must not have left 13. Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony___ next weekend.[ Symphony: khúc giao hưởng] A. is going to be performed B. has been performed C. will be performing D. will have perform 14. All bottles___ before transportation. A. frozen B. were froze C. were frozen D. are froze 15. ___ yet? A. Have the letters been typed B. Have been the letters typed C. Have the letters typed D. Had the letters typed 16. English has become a second language in countries like India, Nigeria or Singapore where___ for administration, broadcasting and education. A. is used B. it is used C. used D. being used 17. The telephones___ by Alexander Graham Bell. A. is invented B. is inventing C. invented D. was invented 18. Lots of houses___ by the earthquake. A. are destroying B. destroyed C. were destroyed D. is destroyed 19. Gold___ in California in the 19th century. A. was discovered B. has been discovered C. was discover D. they discover 20. The preparation___ by the time the guest___. A. had been finished- arrived B. have finished- arrived C. had finished-were arriving D. have been finished- were arrived 21. The boy___ by the teacher yesterday. A. punish B. punished C. punishing D. was punished 22. “Ms Jones, please type those letters before noon”_ “They’ve already ___, sir. They’re on your desk.” A. typed B. been being typed C. being typed D. been typed 23. Sarah is wearing a blouse. It___ of cotton. A. be made B. are made C. is made D. made 24. They had a boy ___ that yesterday. A. done B. to do C. did D. do 25. We got our mail ___ yesterday. A. been delivered B. delivered C. delivering D. to deliver II. Choose the correct sentence among A, B, C or D which has the same meaning as the given one. 26. Somebody cleans the room every day. A. The room everyday is cleaned. B. The room is every day cleaned. C. The room is cleaned every day. D. The room is cleaned by somebody every day. 27. People don’t use this road very often. A. This road is not used very often. B. Not very often this road is not used. C. This road very often is not used. D. This road not very often is used. 28. How do people learn languages? A. How are languages learned? B. How are languages learned by people? C. How languages are learned? D. Languages are learned how? 29. Tom bought that book yesterday. A. That book was bought by Tom yesterday. B. That book was bought yesterday by Tom. C. That book yesterday was bought by Tom D. That book was bought yesterday. 30. They have not used this typewriter for a long time A. For a long time has not been used this typewriter B. This typewriter has not used for a long time C. This typewriter has been not used for a long time D. This typewriter has not been used for a long time 31. Who established that museum? A. Who was established that museum? B. Was that museum established by who? C. By whom was that museum established? D. Did that museum establish by whom? 32. They think that someone started the fire on purpose A. Someone is thought to start the fire on purpose B. They think that the fire which was started by someone on purpose C. The fire is thought to be started on purpose D. The fire is thought to have been started on purpose 9
10. 33. Some scientists report that dolphins have a brain capacity larger than human beings’ A. A brain capacity larger than human beings’ that dolphins have to be reported B. Dolphins are reported having a brain capacity larger than human beings’ C. Dolphins are reported to have a brain capacity larger than human beings’ D. Dolphins are reported that they have a brain capacity larger than human beings’ III. Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting. 34. Great singers of the world can be hearing at the Sydney Opera House A B C D 35. Don’t all of us want to be loved and need by other people? A B C D 36. The price of rice exports will been increased by the government. A B C D 37. Does Dr. Brown mind calling at home if his patients need his help. A B C D 38. Most of the jobs in the manufacturing factories will take over by robots. A B C D 39. I discovered that many strange things were happened last night. A B C D 40. He was seen go to the beach with some other people. A B C D 4. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE If Clause Main Clause 1. Future possible Simple present S + will/ shall/ can/ may + Bare inf. (S + Vs/ es) Bare Infinitive (Imperative) 2. Present unreal S + V V ed/ 2 S + would/ could/ might / + Bare inf. (be - were ) 3. Past unreal S + had + Ved/ V3 S + would/ could/ + have + Ved / ,V3 Note : + Có thể kết hợp điều kiện 2 (Main Clause) và điều kiện 3 (If Clause) trong 1 câu Ex : If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be so tired now. + Unless = if not Ex : Unless you hurry, you’ll be late. = If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late. EXERCISES I. Choose A, B, C, or D that best completes each unfinished sentence. 1. If I had time, I ___ shopping with you. A. went B. will go C. would go D. would have gone 2. If you ___ English, you will get along with them perfectly. A. can speak B. had spoken C. speaks D. spoke 3. If they had gone for a walk, they ___ the lights off. A. had turned B. would have turn C. would have turned D. would turn 4. If she ___ to see us, we will go to the zoo. A. came B. come C. comes D. is coming 5. I would have told you, if I ___ him. A. had meet B. had met C. meet D. met 10
11. 6 Would you mind if I ___ the window? A. closed B. closing C. had closed D. would close 7. If they ___ me, I wouldn't have said no. A. had invited B. invited C. invite D. would have invited 8. My friend ___ me at the station if he gets the afternoon off. A. meets B. will meet C. would have met D. would meet 9. If I ___ it, nobody would do it. A. did B. didn’t do C. do D. don’t do 10. If my father ___ me up, I'll take the bus home. A. doesn’t pick B. don’t pick C. not pick D. picks 11. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life ___ complete. A. will be not B. will not be C. would not be D. would not have been 12. Okay, I ___ the popcorn if you buy the drinks. A. bought B. buy C. will buy D. would buy 13. She ___ out with you if you had only asked her. A. will go B. would go C. would had gone D. would have gone 14. If you had tried your best, you ___ disappointed about the result now. A. won’t be B. wouldn’t be C. wouldn’t have D. wouldn’t have been 15. I would not have read your diary if you ___ it in such an obvious place. A. didn’t hide B. hadn’t hid C. hadn’t hidden D. not hid 16. If I had enough money, ___. A. I will buy that house B. I’d have bought that house C. I could buy that house D. I can buy that house 17. ___ if you take a map. A. You will get lost B. You won’t get lost C. You would get lost D. You would have got lost 18. We would save thousands of lives if ___. A. we found the remedy for the flu B. we had not found the remedy for the flu C. we find the remedy for the flu D. we’ll find the remedy for the flu 19. I won’t accept unless ___. A. Tom to apologize B. Tom is apologizing C. Tom apologizes D. When Tom apologizes 20. I’ll help you if ___. A. you told me the truth B. you tell me the truth C. you will tell me the truth D. you have told me the truth 21. I wouldn’t have got wet ___. A. if I had an umbrella with me. B. if I had had an umbrella with me C. Unless I had had an umbrella with me D. in case I had an umbrella with me 22. ___ , he would not have had the accident yesterday. A. If Peter driven more carefully B. If had Peter driven more carefully C. Had Peter driven more carefully D. Unless Peter had driven more carefully 23. Without the traffic jam on the high way this morning, I ___late for the meeting. A. would be B. would have been C. hadn't been D. wouldn't have been 24. What would Tom do if he ___ the truth? A. would know B. knows C. had known D. knew 25. If I ___ you were sick. I would have called sooner. A. knew B. had known C. know D. would have known II. Choose the sentence which is closest in meaning to the original one. 1. I didn’t listen to him and I didn’t succeed. A. If I listened to him, I would have succeed. B. If I had listened to him, I’d have succeeded. C. If I had listened to him, I would succeed. D. If I listened to him, I would succeed. 2. If he doesn’t apologize, I will never invite him here again. A. Unless he apologizes, then I will never invite him here again. B. Unless he apologizes, or I will never invite him here again. C. Unless he doesn’t apologize, I will never invite him here again. D. Unless he apologizes, I will never invite him here again. 3. I have to work tomorrow morning, so I can’t meet you. A. If I don’t have to work tomorrow morning, I can meet you. B. If I didn’t have to work tomorrow morning, I would meet you. C. I could meet you if I don’t have to work tomorrow morning. D. I can meet you if I didn’t have to work tomorrow morning. 4. Do your homework first and I’ll let you play the computer games. A. I won’t allow you to do homework when you play the computer games. B. Let’s play the computer games without doing your homework. 11
12. C. You are allowed to play the computer games without doing your homework. D. Unless you do homework first, I won’t let you play the computer games. 5. I don’t have enough money with me now; otherwise I would buy that house. A. If I didn’t have money with me now, I would buy that house. B. If I had money with me now, I would buy that house. C. If I had money with me now, I wouldn’t buy that house. D. If I didn’t have money with me now, I wouldn’t buy that house. 6. You drink too much coffee, that's why you can't sleep. A. If you drank less coffee, you would be able to sleep. B. You drink much coffee and you can sleep. C. You wouldn’t sleep well if you hadn't drink any coffee. D. You can sleep better without coffee. 7. Susan felt sick because she got caught in the rain. A. If Susan got caught in the rain, she would felt sick. B. If Susan hadn't got caught in the rain, she wouldn't have felt sick. C. If Susan hadn't got caught in the rain, she wouldn't feel sick. D. Susan got caught in the rain and she still felt sick. 8. He didn't hurry so he missed the plane. A. If he hurried, he wouldn't miss the plane. B. If he had hurried, he might catch the plane. C. If he had hurried, he could have caught the plane. D. He didn't miss the plane because he hurried. III. Choose the underlined part in each sentence that should be corrected. 1. If Al had come sooner, he could has eaten dinner with the whole family. A B C D 2. If my father hasn't encouraged me to take the exam, I wouldn't have done it. A B C D 3. If you give me more time and I will successfully finish this project. A B C D 4. If you had been here last Sunday, you should have met her. A B C D 5. You are allowed into the club unless you are a member. A B C D 6. Would George be angry if I take his bicycle without asking? A B C D 7. If I knew you were in hospital, I would have gone to see you. A B C D 5. RELATIVE CLAUSES DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES : Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định là mệnh đề được dùng để xác định danh từ đứng trước nó , nếu bỏ đi thì câu sẽ không rõ nghĩa Ex : - I spoke to the man . He owns the restaurant . I spoke to the man who / that owns the restaurant . - The woman gave us directions . We spoke to the woman . The woman whom / that we spoke to gave us directions . - The car has just been found. It was stolen . The car which / that was stolen has just been found . - I’ve got a friend . Her sister is an architect . I’ve got a friend whose sister is an architect . Notes: + Có thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ “whom, which, that” trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định Ex : - The doctor ( whom / that / who ) I spoke to told me not to worry . - She married to the man ( that / whom ) she met in Paris . + Dùng “that” trong các trường hợp sau : a/ Sau so sánh bậc nhất. Ex : He is one of the strongest men that I have ever met . b/ Sau các đại từ bất định: all, none, only, much, little, everything, something, anything, nothing. Ex : The only thing that matters is to find out the way home . NON - DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Là mệnh đề cung cấp thêm thông tin cho danh từ trước nó .Nếu bỏ đi thì câu vẫn còn đủ nghĩa .Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định được ngăn cách với mênh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy . 12
13. Ex : - My uncle Tom , who lives in Paris, is coming to visit me next week . - She gave me that handkerchief, which I put in my pocket. - Ken , whom you met in London last summer, will be at the party tonight . Notes : + Không thể bỏ các đại từ quan hệ làm tân ngữ “whom, which” trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định. Ex : - Jim, whom / who we met yesterday , is very nice . + Không dùng “THAT” trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định Ex : -The second bus, which was full, didn’t stop either . III. RELATIVE PRONOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS : Có 2 cách nói : Trong cách nói trang trọng, giới từ thường đặt trước đại từ quan hệ “whom” và “which” Preposition + whom / which Trong lối nói thân mật , giới từ đứng sau động từ Ex : - The girl about whom I told you yesterday is really beautiful and intelligent ( formal ). The girl whom I told you about yesterday is really beautiful and intelligent (informal ). - No one knows by whom this letter was written . ( formal ) No one knows whom this letter was written by . ( formal ) - The people with whom I traveled were good company .( formal ) The people whom I traveled with were good company .( informal ) Notes : Giới từ không đứng trước “who” và “that “: Yesterday we visited the City Museum , to which I’d never been before . Mr. Reese , to whom we sent letter, hasn’t given us his reply . V. RELATIVE CLAUSE REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO- INFINITIVES - Chúng ta có thể dùng hiện tại phân từ ( V-ing ) , quá khứ phân từ (V-ed /V3 ) và động từ nguyên mẫu (To- infinitive ) để rút ngắn mệnh đề quan hệ ( relative clauses ) . Present participle : (V-ing) Ex : - The man who helped John is my uncle . The man helping John is my uncle . - Do you know the boy who is waiting at the bus stop ? Do you know the boy waiting at the bus stop ? - I told you about the woman who lives next door . I told you about the woman living next door . - Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof ? Do you see the cat lying on the roof ? Past participle : (V-ed / V3) Ex : - My mother works in a school which was sponsored by the government . My mother works in a school (which was) sponsored by the government . - Most of the goods which were made in this factory are exported . Most of the goods made in this factory are exported . - The cars which are produced in Japan are nice . The cars produced in Japan are nice . To- infinitive : Được dùng sau : the first , the last , the second Ex : - The last person who leaves the room must lock the door . The last person to leave the room must lock the door . - Mary was the first applicant who was interviewed . Mary was the first applicant to be interviewed . - William Pitt was the youngest person who became Prime Minister . William Pitt was the youngest person to become Prime Minister . EXERCISES I. Choose A, B, C, or D that best completes each unfinished sentence. 1. The Olympic games ___ in Sydney in 2000 were exciting . a. being held b. were held c. held d. to be held 2. The papers ___ on the table belongs to me . a. are b. to be c. were d. x 3. A sugar company ___ three thousand people has gone bankrupt . a. employs b. employed c. employing d. to employ 4. People ___ against pollution marched forward . a. to protest b. protest c. protested d. protesting 5. The artist, ___ paiting you bought, is a classmate of mine. a. whom b. whose c. from whom d. from whose 13
14. 6. The airhostess was the only person ___ the crash . a. to survive b. surviving c. survived d. to be survived 7. Florida , ___ the Sunshine State, attracts many tourists every year . a. is known as b. that is known as c. known as d. knowing 8. There are some boys ___ in the street , ___ the violin . a. standing – playing b. who stand – playing c. standing – play d. to stand – to play 9. Trains ___ from this station ___ an hour to get to London . a. leave – take b. leaving – taking c. leaving – take d. left – take 10. The last student ___ the question was George . a. asked b. to be asked c. being asked d. a & b are correct 11. Bill Gate , ___ is the president of Microsoft Company , is a billionaire . a. who b. whose c. whom d. that 12. Mexico City, ___ is the capital of Mexico, is a cosmopolitan city. a. which b. that c. where d. what 13. I read “ The Old Man and the Sea “, ___ written by Ernest Hemingway . a. a novel b. that is a novel c. which d. which has 14. I’ll lend you a book by Mark Twain, ___ . a. that is a famous American author . b. a famous American author c. he is a famous author d. is a famous author 15. They have an apartment ___ the park . a. overlooks b. that overlooking c. overlooked d. overlooking 16. “ Is April twenty- first the day ___ ? “ No, the twenty- second.” a. you’ll arrive then c. when you’ll arrive b. on that you’ll arrive d. when you’ll arrive on 17. Florida , ___ the Sunshine State , attracted many tourists every year . a. is b. known as c. is known as d. that is known as 18. Pamela’s marriage has been arranged by her family . She’s marrying a man ___ . a. She hardly knows c. she hardly knows him b. that she hardly knows d. whom she hardly knows him 19. People who exercise frequently have great physical endurance that those ___ . a. that doesn’t b. who don’t c. which don’t d. who doesn’t 20. “ Is this the address to ___ you want the package sent ?” “ Yes .” a. whom b. which c. where d. that 21. Brenda quit her job at the advertising agency , ___ surprised everyone . a. what b. that c. which d. who 22. The publishers expected that the new book will be bought by people ___ in environmental conservation . a. are interested c. who they are interested b. they are interested d. interested 23. I have always wanted to visit Rome , ___ of Italy . a. the capital b. is the capital c. that is the capital d. which the capital is 24. Annie has three brothers , ___ are pilots . a. who they all b. who all of them c. that all of them d. all of whom 25. The movie ___ last night was terrific . a. we went b. we went to it c. we went to d. which we went II. Choose the underlined part among A, B, C, D that needs correcting. 1. That is the man who’s daughter won the spelling bee. A B C D 2. The person from him you got the information is my brother. A B C D 3. Tom passed the driving test, that surprised everyone. A B C D 4. Nghe An is the place which I was born and grew up. A B C D 5. I invited 20 people to my party, some of them are my former classmates. A B C D 6. The man for who the police are looking robbed the bank yesterday. A B C D 7. The students punishing by the teacher are lazy. A B C D III. Choose the correct sentence among A, B, C or D which has the same meaning as the given one. 1. Nam won the scholarship; he studied well. A. Nam, who is studied well, won the scholarship. 14
15. B. Nam, that is studied well, won the scholarship. C. Nam who is studied well won the scholarship. D. Nam won the scholarship, so is studied well. 2. That Hoa is lazy makes her parents sad. A. That Hoa is lazy makes her parents sad is terrible. B. Hoa is lazy, which makes her parents sad. C. Hoa who is lazy makes her parents sad. D. Hoa is lazy which makes her parents sad. 3. The woman who spoke to Mai is my sister. A. The woman is my sister who spoke to Mai. B. The woman speaking to Mai is my sister. C. My sister is the woman who spoke to Mai. D. Mai spoke to the woman who is my sister. 4. The teacher is my uncle. You talked to him in the schoolyard yesterday. A. The teacher you talked to is my uncle in the schoolyard yesterday. B. The teacher is my uncle to who you talked in the schoolyard yesterday. C. The teacher to whom you talked in the schoolyard yesterday is my uncle. D. The teacher to that you talked in the schoolyard yesterday is my uncle. 5. Mr Richards is standing at the door. He is my teacher. A. Mr Richards, who is standing at the door, is my teacher. B. Mr Richards who is standing at the door is my teacher. C. Mr Richards, that is standing at the door, is my teacher. D. Mr Richards, whom is standing at the door, is my teacher. 6. He is the last person that was interviewed this morning. A. He is the last person was interviewed this morning. B. He is the last person to be interviewed this morning. C. He is the last person to interview this morning. D. He is the last person being interviewed this morning. 7. The students who were punished by the teacher are mischievous. A. The students to be punished by the teacher are mischievous. B. The students punished by the teacher are mischievous. C. The students being punished by the teacher are mischievous. D. The students punishing by the teacher are mischievous. 8. Paul is always throwing his dirty clothes on the floor. This makes his mother annoyed. A. Paul is always throwing his dirty clothes on the floor which makes his mother annoyed. B. Paul is always throwing his dirty clothes on the floor, this makes his mother annoyed. C. Paul is always throwing his dirty clothes on the floor, which makes his mother annoyed. D. Paul’s mother annoyed because he is always throwing his dirty clothes on the floor. 6. ARTICLES “A, AN, THE” & PREPOSITIONS I. ARTICLES “A, AN, THE” ♥ USE 1. Mạo từ “A” được dùng để đứng trước một danh từ số đếm được ở dạng số ít, nó được bắt đầu bằng một phụ âm. Examples: + He is a teacher. + She doesn’t own a car ♥ USE 2. Mạo từ “An” được dùng để đứng trước một danh từ đếm được ở số ít, nó được bắt đầu bằng một nguyên âm. Examples: + He is an actor. + She didn’t get an invitation. ♥ USE 3. Hãy nhớ rằng mạo từ “A” hoặc “AN” đều có nghĩa một cái gì đó đơn lẻ. Vì vậy bạn không thể dùng nó với danh từ số nhiều được. Examples: + I saw bears in Yellowstone National Park. ♥ USE 4. Nếu có một một tính từ hay có sự kết hợp trạng từ-tính từ đứng trước một danh từ thì “A” hoặc “An” sẽ phụ thuôc vào chữ cái đầu tiên của tính từ hoặc trạng từ đó. Hãy theo dõi ví dụ sau: Examples: + He is an excellent teacher. + I saw a really beautiful eagle at the zoo. ♥ USE 5. Sử dụng giới từ “A” trước những từ như “European” hoặc “university” vì nhìn có vẻ 2 từ này bắt đầu bằng một nguyên âm nhưng hãy để ý, chữ cái đầu tiên khi ta phát âm nó lại là một phụ âm (trong trường hợp này nó là phụ âm “j”). Hãy nhớ rằng, việc phát âm các từ cũng rất quan trọng. Ví dụ “1” được đánh vần là O-N-E; tuy nhiên nó được phát âm giống như là “won” nên nó sẽ bắt đầu bằng phụ âm “W” chứ không phải là nguyên âm “O”. Examples: + She has a euro. ♥ USE 6. 15
16. Cũng tương tự như Use 5, chúng ta sử dụng “An” trước những từ như “hour”, nhìn có vẻ nó bắt đầu bằng một phụ âm nhưng hãy cẩn thận vì khi bạn phát âm từ này nó lại bắt đầu bằng nguyên âm. Hãy nhớ là việc bạn phát âm chuẩn cũng rất quan trọng trong phần xác định mạo từ “A” và “An” nhé. Examples: + I only have an hour for lunch. + Does his name begin with an “F”? Sounds like “eff”. (Tên anh ấy có phải bắt đầu bởi chữ “F” không?)- nó phát âm giống như “eff” chứ không phải là “F” đâu nên hãy cẩn thận . ♥ USE 7. Một số từ như “herb” hoặc “hospital” hơi rắc rối bởi vì chúng được phát âm khác nhau trong tiếng anh. Với ngữ điệu của người Mỹ thì phụ âm “h” trong từ “herb” là âm câm nên người Mỹ thường nói là “an herb”. Đa số ngữ điệu của người Anh thì từ “herb” có được phát âm có phụ âm “h”, người anh hay nói là “a herb”. Hay như từ “hospital” với người anh thì phụ âm “h” là âm câm, thay vì dùng “a hospital” họ thường dùng là “an hospital”. some British will say “an hospital” instead of “a hospital”. ♥ USE 8. Trong tiếng anh, một số danh từ không đếm được như: information(thông tin), air(không khí), advice(lời khuyên), salt(muối)and fun(sự hài hước). Với những danh từ không đếm được đó chúng ta không sử dụng mạo từ “A” hoặc “An”. Examples: + She gives good advice ♥ USE 9 “A” và “AN” được gọi là mạo từ không xác định. Chúng ta sử dụng mạo từ “A” hoặc “(AN)” khi chúng ta nói về những thứ mang nghĩa chung chung, không rõ ràng. Examples: + I need a phone. + Mark wants a bicycle. – Sử dụng “A” hoặc “An” được sử dụng để nói về những cái gì mới, chưa từng biết hoặc lần đầu tiên giới thiệu với người nghe. Nó cũng được sử dụng khi nói sự tồn tại của một cái gì đó. Examples: + I have a car. (Tôi có một chiếc ô tô – Chiếc ô tô được giới thiệu lần đầu tiên.) + Tom is a teacher. (Tom là một giáo viên – Đây là một thông tin mới đối với người nghe.) – Tương tự như vậy, sử dụng “A” hoặc “An” để giới thiệu một loại gì đó mà bạn đang nói đến. Examples: + That is an excellent book. (Đây là một cuốn sách tuyệt vời – Miêu tả một loại sách.) + Do you live in a big house? (Bạn sống ở một ngôi nhà lớn à? – Hỏi về kiểu nhà.) NOTE: Bạn không thể sử dụng “A” hoặc “An” với danh từ số nhiều vì nó chỉ mang nghĩa đơn lẻ. ♥ USE 10 A(AN) có thể được dùng giống như từ “per” (nghĩa là “một”,”mỗi”). Examples: + Apples currently cost $1.30 a pound. + Cheetahs can run 60 miles an hour. ♥ USE 11 “THE” được gọi là mạo từ xác định. Chúng ta sử dụng “The” khi nói về thứ gì đó chúng ta biết hoặc người nói đã đề cập, giới thiệu trước đó. Examples: + I have a cat. The cat is black. + There is a book in my backpack. The book is very heavy. + Do you know where I left the car keys? + Nobody lives on the Moon. NOTE: Nên nhớ rằng bạn dùng mạo từ “The” cho cả danh từ số ít và danh từ số nhiều. Examples: + I saw the bear in Yellowstone National Park + I saw the bears in Yellowstone National Park. ♥ USE 12 Có rất nhiều những mệnh đề và cụm danh từ để nói cho người nghe biết rằng cái nào mà chúng ta đang nói đến. Hãy xem ví dụ sau: Examples: + Can you give me the book on the table. + Did you read the book which I gave you? + He loved the dessert with chocolate and cherries. + The phone on my desk belongs to Ken.  NOTE: Tuy nhiên không phải tất cả các mệnh đề và các cụm danh từ đều làm người nghe hiểu được. Đôi khi chúng ta phải thêm những thông tin mới làm người nghe hiểu được cái chúng ta đang đề cập đến là thứ gì. Examples: + He bought the house with a big backyard. (Anh ấy đã mua một ngôi nhà với cái sân sâu rộng– thông tin “with a big backyard” giúp người đọc hiểu nó là ngôi nhà như thế nào.) + He bought a house with a big backyard. (Trong trường hợp này người nghe chưa hình dung được ngôi nhà anh ta mua như thế nào.) ♥ USE 13 Sử dụng mạo từ “The” với những từ chỉ cấp độ hay thứ tự như: “the first”, “the second”, “the third”, “the next”, “the last”, “the previous”, “the following”, “the penultimate”, Examples: + This is the fifth day of our conference. +I’ll pay the next time we have dinner. ♥ USE 14 Sử dụng “The” với những từ chỉ cấp độ cao như: “the best”, “the biggest”, “the most important”, “the least interesting”, 16
17. Examples: + This is the best day ever. + That is the most expensive hotel room I’ve ever heard of in my life. Trong hình thức so sánh như: “bigger”, “better” thì “more” có thể được sử dụng với cả A(AN) và THE. Examples: + I like the bigger roller coaster. + He has a more expensive car than I do.  NOTE: Tuy nhiên “The” thường được sử dụng ở thể so sánh hơn hơn là so sánh hơn nhất khi so sánh 2 thứ. Đây là cụm từ hay được sử dụng: “the bigger of the two”. Examples: + Jessie and Shauna are both smart. But I think Shauna is the smarter of the two. (Cả Jessie và Shauna đều thông minh. Nhưng tôi nghĩ Shauna thông mình hơn.) + Between Jason’s son and his daughter, his daughter is the better athlete. (Giữa con trai và con gái của Jason thì con gái của anh ấy là vận động viên giỏi hơn.) ♥ USE 15 Không sử dụng mạo tự khi danh từ không đếm được hoặc danh từ đếm được ở số nhiều. Examples: + Curiosity is a great trait. + Water is an important resource. ♥ USE 16 Người bản xứ luôn sử dụng “The” khi học nói về thứ trong chủ đề mà họ muốn đề cập: Examples: musical instruments (the piano, the guitar, the flute) plants (the coconut palm, the saguaro, the baobab) animals (the leopard, the elephant, the lowland gorilla) inventions (the steam engine, the plane, the light bulb) currencies (the dollar, the euro, the yen) body parts (the head, the eye, the ear) I play the piano. (Tôi chơi piano.) The dolphin is a very intelligent animal. (Loài cá heo là một loài động vật rất thông minh.) The Wright brothers invented the airplane. (Những người anh trai của Wright đã chế tạo ra chiếc máy bay.) Right now, the euro is stronger than the dollar. (Hiện tại thì đồng ơ-rô mạnh hơn đồng đô-la.) ♥ USE 17 Đa số, mạo từ không được sử dụng khi nói đến tên các loại bệnh tật. Examples: + Dr. Smith visits schools and universities to educate students on AIDS. + Oncologists are doctors who specialize in treating cancer. – Tuy nhiên một số tên bệnh vẫn được sử dụng với “the”: the measles(bệnh sởi) the flu(bệnh cúm) the mumps(bệnh quai bị) the bubonic plague – Ngoài ra, một vài các triệu chứng hoặc sự ốm đau vẫn có thể dụng mạo từ a, an hoặc the. Nó có thể diễn tả sự đau nhức, vết thương hoặc cơn bệnh. a cold (bị cảm lạnh) a heart attack (cơn đau tim) a stroke (đột quỵ) a wart / tumor / growth / (bệnh mụn nhọt, khối u, ) a sore throat / sore back/ sore foot / (đau họng, đau lưng, đau chân, ) a headache / toothache / backache / (đau đầu, đau răng, đau lưng, ) – Hãy nhớ rằng đó là một số trường hợp hay gặp khi sử dụng mạo từ. Hãy xem các ví dụ dưới đây : Examples: + John has a cold. The cold was pretty bad. (John bị cảm lạnh. Thời tiết này thật tồi tệ.) + Nancy had a heart attack. The heart attack seriously weakened her heart.? (Nancy bị đau tim, bệnh đau tim sẽ làm tim của cô ấy yếu đi.) + Deb had a sore throat. The sore throat made it hard to talk. (Deb bị đau họng. Họng của anh ấy bị đau nên rất khó có thể nói được.) ♥ USE 18 “THE” có thể kết hợp với những tính từ chỉ về một nhóm người như: “the blind”(người khiếm thị), “the elderly”(người già), “the rich”(người giàu có), “the French”(người Pháp), Examples: + The organization helps the elderly. (Tổ chức giúp đỡ những người già) – Lúc này Elderly nó là một nhóm người chứ không phải là một tính từ chỉ một người. NOTE: – “THE” còn được sử dụng khi chúng ta nói về quốc tịch hoặc bộ tộc phù hợp hơn là dùng để nói về ngôn ngữ. Examples: + I like French.(Tôi thích tiếng Pháp – “French” là một ngôn ngữ.) + I like the French. (Tôi thích người Pháp – lúc này khi nói về quốc tịch, thì ta có thể dùng mạo từ “the”) – Khi chúng ta nói về quốc tịch hoặc về một dân tộc nào đó có kết thúc bằng đuôi “-ans” như “Americans”, “Mexicans”, and “Hawaiians” thì “THE” thường không được sử dụng. Examples: + Americans watch a lot of TV. (Người Mỹ thích xem nhiều tivi.) + Germans drink a lot of beer. (Người Đức thích uống nhiều bia.) ♥ USE 19 17
18. Không sử dụng “The” với tên gọi của hầu hết các quốc gia trừ khi tên của chúng bao gồm các từ như: “States”, “Kingdom”, “Republic”, “Emirates”, “Union”, “Coast”, Examples: + I love Italy. (Tôi yêu nước Ý.) + John used to live in Japan. (John đã từng sống ở Nhật Bản.) _ He lives in the United States. (Anh ấy sống ở Mỹ.) ♥ Tóm lại: Không sử dụng “The” với các nước tiểu bang, các tỉnh, thành phố trừ khi mạo từ “the” đi cùng các từ như:t “Territory”(vùng, miền) or “Coast”(bờ biển) Examples: + He lives in California. (Anh ấy sống ở California.) + Ladakh is in India. (Ladakh ở Ấn Độ.) + The Northwest Territories is a province in Canada. (The Northwest Territories là một địa phận ở Canada.) ♥ USE 20 Sử dụng “The” với tên của những danh từ chỉ: oceans (các địa dương) seas (tên các bãi biển) coasts (tên các bờ biển) rivers (tên các dòng sông.) swamps (các đầm lầy) archipelagos (các quần đảo) collections of lakes (such as the Great Lakes) mountain chains (các dãy núi) deserts (sa mạc) references on the globe (such as the Equator, the North Pole) geographic regions (such as the Northwest, the Middle East) bridges (các cây cầu )(except Tower Bridge) pagodas(các ngôi chùa) hotels(các khách sạn) theaters(các rạp chiếu phim) museums(các bảo tàng) institutes(các học viện) skyscrapers(toàn nhà cao tầng) the Sun, the Moon(mặt trời, mặt trăng) Examples: + James visited the Hermitage, a famous museum in St. Petersburg. (James đã đến thăm Hermitage, một trong những bảo tàng nổi tiếng trên đường Petersburg.) + Nina walked over the Rialto Bridge. (Nina đi bộ trên cây cầu Rialto.) ♥ USE 21 Không sử dụng mạo từ với trường hợp sau: individual lakes (Tên riêng của những hồ nước) individual islands (Những hòn đảo) beaches (các bãi biển) waterfalls (những thác nước) individual mountains (những ngọn núi) canyons (các hẻm núi) people’s first names (Tên riêng của người) streets (các con đường ngoại trừ the High Street) public squares (Những quảng trường) hospitals (Những bệnh viện) stadiums (Những sân vận động) malls (những khu phố) parks ( những công viên) churches (những nhà thờ) temples (những ngôi đền) universities(những trường đại học, cao đẳng) languages (những ngôn ngữ) religions (những tôn giáo) days (các ngày) months (các tháng) holidays (các ngày nghỉ lễ) Examples: + Have you ever visited Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris? (Bạn đã bao giờ đến Notre Dame Cathedral ở Pháp chưa?) + Kenta is Buddhist. (Kenta là người đạo phật) + We went camping in King’s Canyon. (Chúng tôi đã cắm trại ở hẻm núi King.)  NOTE: Tuy nhiên có những trường hợp ngoại lệ nếu ta thêm các thông tin. “The” thường được sử dụng trong cấu trúc: “the of ”. Examples: + The University of Colorado + The Temple of Ranakpur + The Cathedral of Siena ♥ USE 22 “THE” được sử dụng để nói đến thời gian trong này, nhưng mùa trong năm, như: the morning in the afternoon in the evening during the night during the day the day before yesterday the day after tomorrow the fall the summer Examples: + We’ll meet in the afternoon. (Chúng tôi sẽ gặp nhau vào buổi chiều.) + Jake loves to go camping in the fall. (Jake rất thích cắm trại vào mùa thu.) + There was a small earthquake during the night. (Có một trận động đất nhỏ xảy ra suốt đêm hôm qua.) NOTE: – Tuy nhiên, một số trường hợp dưới đây không sử dụng các mạo từ: at night at noon at midnight all day all night all month every month every year 18
19. last night last Friday yesterday tomorrow Examples: + Did you sleep well last night? + I’ll see you tomorrow. + We are meeting for lunch at noon. – Có những trường hợp chúng ta có thể sử dụng a/an/the đều đúng. a/the whole day a/the whole month an/the entire year an/the entire decade II. PREPOSITIONS ADJECTIVE + NOUN + PREPOSITION VERB + (O) + PREPOSITION PREPOSITION Preposition of Time Preposition of Place - die of (an illness/ hunger) - confused/ excited/ - In + year / month / - In + a town / - die for (one’s country) nervous/ serious/ + season / century / country/ a room / - believe in s.body About part of day (in the building (inside) / - worry About - bad/ clever/ good/ morning, )/ the sky / the sun / - approve Of present/ quick + At - On + day / date / a - On + a floor / a - apologize To somebody - difficult/ famous/ late/ single day (on river / television / a For something perfect/ responsible/ Christmas day) / farm / - complaint To somebody useful/ well-known + - At + clock time / - At + a place on a About something For meal time (at lunch, journey (stop at - apply / ask + For - absent/ different/ safe + )/ London) / a house / - rely / decide + On From - in time (for s.thing) an address / an - accuse somebody Of - interested/ rich/ : early enough event (at a party, a - congratulate somebody On successful + In - on time : punctual, meeting, ) / . - protect somebody/ - afraid/ aware/ capable/ not late - around, behind, something From confident/ conscious/ - on business : for beside, between, - prevent somebody/ envious/ fond/ full/ proud/ the purpose of in front of , near, something From short/ suspicious/ tired + doing business, not next to, - warn s.body about/ Of on holiday - at the end (of against s.thing - accustomed/ contrary/ s.thing) : at the time - ask somebody For harmful/ important/ kind/ when s.thing ends - provide somebody With lucky/ pleasant/ similar + Ex :at the end of - explain something To To January - compare somebody With/ To - acquainted/ crowded/ - in the end : finally - get married to s.body friendly/ popular + With - across the bridge/ - - keen On street / : from one - . side to the other. - opposite s.thing: facing s.thing EXERCISES I. Choose the best answer to complete the sentence: 1. Do you take notice___ the sign " No smoking"? A. of B. in C. on D. at 2. My daughter is skillful ___ painting. A. to B. about C. by D. at 3. Kathy is upset ___ not being invited to the party. A. at B. for C. about D. with 4. We have to take account ___ these difficult situations. A. in B. of C on D. at 5. I'd like to take advantage ___ this opportunity to explain the difficulty I've met. A. in B. on C. of D. at 6.He lost control ___ the car and crashed ___ a wall. A. of / into B. into / of C. of / of D. into / into 7. Have you heard ___ the fight in the club on Friday night? A. on B. of C. about D. to 8. Have you heard ___ Nam recently? A. from B. of C. about D. to 9. I've always regarded you ___one of my best friends. A. like B. with C. as D. for 10. He is confident ___ his ability. A. about B. on C. for D. of 11. They have lost touch ___ each other. A. in B. with C. on D. about 12. If you want to make your life worth living, make yourself useful ___ the country. A. for B. with C. to D. about 19
20. 13. You have to study harder to keep pace ___ your classmates. A. with B. in C. on D. at 14. Be calm and don’t make a fuss ___ such trifles. A. on B. over C. of D. at 15. Someone threw an egg ___ the president while he was speaking. A. on B. at C. to D. for 16. Can you show me ___way to ___station? A. the/the B. a/a C. the/a D. a/the 17. She has read ___interesting book. A. a B. an C. the D. x 18. You’ll get ___shock if you touch ___ live wire with that screwdriver. A. an/the B. x/the C. a/a D. an/the 19. Mr. Smith is ___ old customer and ___ honest man. A. An/the B. the/an C. an/an D. the/the 20. ___ youngest boy has just started going to ___ school. A. a/x B. x/the C. an/x D. the/x 21. Do you go to ___ prison to visit him? A. the B. a C. x D. an 22. ___eldest boy is at ___ college. A. a/the B. the/x C. x/ a D. an/x 23. Are you going away next week? No, ___ week after next. A. an B. a C. the D. x 24. Would you like to hear ___ story about ___ English scientist? A. an/the B. the/the C. a/the D. a/ an 25. There’ll always be a conflict between ___ old and ___ young. A. the/the B. an/a C. an/the D. the/a 26. There was ___ collision at ___ corner. A. the/a B. an/the C. a/the D. the/the 27. My mother thinks that this is ___ expensive shop. A. the B. an C. a D. x 28. Like many women, she loves ___ parties and ___gifts. A. the/ a B. a/the C. a/a D. x/x 29. I am on night duty. When you go to ___ bed, I go to ___ work. A. a/x B. a/the C. the/x D. x/x 30. Please turn off ___ lights when you leave ___ room. A. the/the B. a/a C. the/a D. a/the II. Choose the word/ phrase - A, B, C or D - that needs correcting: (xác định lỗi sai) 1. Attending all the lectures is important with university students. A B C D 2. The boy put sun-tan oil on his body to protect his skin against the sun. A B C D 3. The house had been remodeled and made use in. A B C D 4. He walked in the room in which we were sitting. A B C D 5. On general, that is true. However, there are many exceptions. A B C D 6. The Soviet Union was the first country to send a man into the space. A B C D 7. My parents have a dog and a cat. A dog never bites the cat. A B C D 8. We went out for the meal last night. The restaurant we went was excellent. A B C D 9. After lunch, we went for the walk by the sea. A B C D 10. It was a beautiful day. The sun shone brightly in a sky. A B C D THE END 7. MODAL VERBS I. May – Might : có lẽ * May / Might + bare infinitive: được sử dụng để nói rằng một người nào đó được phép làm gì hoặc một điều gì đó có thể xảy ra. Có thể sử dụng may / might để nói về hiện tại hoặc tương lai. 20
21. Eg: - I may / might go to the cinema with my brother tonight. - It may / might rain later. II. Must – Mustn’t – Needn’t * Must + bare infinitive: được sử dụng để nói rẳng một người nào đó phải làm điều gì hoặc điều gì là cần thiết để làm. Eg: - You must do all your homework before bedtime. * Mustn’t + bare infinitive: được sử dụng để nói rẳng một người nào đó không được phép làm điều gì. Eg: - You mustn’t sleep in the class. You ‘ll miss the lesson. * Needn’t + bare infinitive: được dung để nói một người nào đó không cần thiết làm gì. Eg: - You needn’t wear your new clothes. You can wear what you like. * Don’t have to / don’t need to + bare infinitive: được sử dụng thay cho “ needn’t”. Eg: - You don’t have to / don’t need to clean the floor. It’s not dirty. III. Model Perfect 1.Could/ May/ Might + perfect: có thể là Dùng để chỉ một tiên đoán trong quá khứ nhưng không có cơ sở. Những động từ khiếm khuyết này đều mang nghĩa hiện tại. Eg: - It may have rained last night, but I am not sure. - The cause of death could have been bacteria. - John might have gone to the movies yesterday. 2. Must + Perfect: Dùng để nói về một tiên đoán xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng dựa trên những cơ sở rõ ràng Eg: - I have lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere. - My wacth says only ten past six. It must have stopped. 3. Should (not) + Perfect: Nên (không nên) làm một việc gì đó trong quá khứ - You shouldn’t have come to school late. - We didn’t play very well. We should have played better. Chú ý: Có thể thay should = ought to 4. Need(not) + Perfect: Cần hoặc không cần làm điều gì trong quá khứ. Eg: - You needn’t have bought her such a precious present. - We needn’t have gone to the supermarket. There’s enough food at home. 5. Can’t / Couldn’t + Perfect: ắt hẳn đã không xảy ra ở quá khứ. - Anna passed me quickly. She can’t / couldn’t have seen me. EXERCISES A. Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D that best completes each sentence. 1. She ___ be ill. I have just seen her playing basket ball in the school yard. a. needn't b. shouldn't c. mustn't d. can't 2. Hiking the trail to the peak ___ be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You ___ research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent. a. might / can b. may / mustn't c. can / should d. must / needn't 3. Peter has been working for 10 hours. He ___ be very tired now. a. needn't b. must c. has to d. should 4. I ___ find my own way there. You ___ wait for me. a. should / can't b. have to / must c. can / needn't d. might / mustn't 5. Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He ___ it here last night. a. must have left b. should have left c. must be leaving d. needn't leave 6. Jenny's engagement ring was precious! It ___ have cost a fortune. a. must b. should c. can d. needn't 7. You ___ take your umbrella along with you today. It ___ rain later on this afternoon. a. ought to / mustn't b. needn't / will c. will / must d. should / might 8. I ___ be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably ___ take a taxi if I want to be on time. a. must/ have to b. may / must c. should / needn't d. mustn't / shouldn't 9. You ___ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time. a. needn't b. mustn't c. do not have to d. may not 10. The television isn't working. It ___ during the move. a. should have been damaged b. needn't be damaged c. must have been damaged d. ought not be damaged 11. I am not deaf. You ___ shout. a. must b. mustn't c. need d. needn’t 12. John failed again. He ___ harder. a. must have tried b. should have tried c. can tried d. may have tried 13. ___ I borrow your lighter for a minute? - Sure, no problem. Actually, you ___ keep it if you want to. a. May / can b. Must / might c. Will / should d. Might / needn’t 21
22. 14. I do not mind at all. You ___ apologize. a. shouldn't b. needn't c. mustn't d. oughtn't to 15. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ___ exhausted after such a long flight now. a. must be b. must be being c. must have been d. should have been 16. The lamp ___ be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out. a. should not b. might not c. must not d. will not 17. It is a top secret. You ___ tell anyone about it. a. mustn't b. needn't c. mightn't d. won't 18. We have plenty of time for doing the work. We ___ be hurried. a. needn't b. shouldn't c. mustn't d. mayn't 19. Keep quiet. You ___ talk so loudly in here. Everybody is working. a. may b. must c. might d. mustn't 20. John is not at home. He ___ go somewhere with Daisy. I am not sure. a. might b. will c. must d. should 21. ___ I have a day off tomorrow? - Of course not. We have a lot of things to do. a. Must b. Will c. May d. Need 22. The computer ___ reprogramming. There is something wrong with the software. a. must b. need c. should d. may 23. ___ I be here by 6 o'clock? - No, you ___. a. Shall/mightn't b. Must / needn't c. Will / mayn't d. Might / won't 24. If I had gone white water rafting with my friends, I ___ down the Colorado River right now. a. should have floated b. must be floating c. would be floating d. would have been floating 25. Susan ___ hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly. a. mustn't b. couldn't c. can't d. needn't B. Choose the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions. 1. You should make your mother is happy for the rest of her life. A B C D 2. You will have visited her when she was sick. A B C D 3. I am busy today but I would have some free time tomorrow. A B C D 4. If you had been here last Sunday, you should have met her. A B C D 5. The ancient ruins may be discovered as early as 1820. A B C D C. Choose the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. 1. I have done this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. ___ a. The answer in the book should be wrong! b. The book needn't have a wrong answer. c. There is a wrong answer in the book. d. The answer in the book must be wrong! 2. When I was a child, as we were having dinner, my grandmother always used to say, “___.” a. One must not eat with one's mouth open b. You should have eaten with your mouth open. c. Open your mouth and eating d. One needn't open his mouth to eat 3. ___ We have still got plenty of food. a. You should have bought some more to eat. b. You needn't have gone to the supermarket. c. We must have bought some more food. d. May I go to the supermarket? 4. John passed his exam with a distinction. ___. a. He was too lazy to succeed b. He can't have studied very hard c. He must have studied very hard d. He needs studying harder 5. ___. We got there far too early. a. We needn't have hurried b. We should hurry up c. Hurry up or we will be late d. We must have walked hurriedly 6. It wasn't obligatory to submit my assignment today. a. My assignment must have been submitted today. b. I needn't have submitted my assignment today. c. My assignment was required to submit by today. d. I mustn't submit my assignment today. 7. It's time we left for the disco. a. We may leave for the disco now. b. We needn't leave for the disco now. c. We should leave for the disco now. d. We must have leave for the disco now. 8. It was a mistake of you to lose your passport. a. You shouldn't have lost your passport. b. There must be a mistake in your passport. 22
23. c. You needn't have brought your passport. d. Your passport must be lost. 9. My car keys are possibly in the kitchen. a. My car keys should be put in the kitchen. b. My car keys cannot be in the kitchen. c. I do not know whether my car keys are in the kitchen. d. My car keys might be in the kitchen. 10. Is it possible for me to come to your house at about 7pm? a. Must I come over to your house at about 7pm? b. Could I be come to your house at about 7pm? c. Can I come to your house at about 7pm? d. Will I come to your house at about 7pm? 11. I’m sure it wasn’t Mr Pike you saw because he is in London. a. It couldn’t be Mr Pike you saw because he is in London. b. It can’t have been Mr Pike you saw because he is in London. c. It mustn’t have been Mr Pike you saw because he is in London. d. It mightn’t be Mr Pike you saw because he is in London. 12. The little boy wasn’t able to reach that picture. a. The little boy couldn’t reach that picture. b. The little boy couldn’t have reached that picture. c. The little boy wouldn’t be able to reach that picture. d. The little boy didn’t try to reach that picture. 13. I am sure you didn’t lock the door because here’s the key. a. You couldn’t lock the door because here’s the key. b. You haven’t been able to lock the door because here’s the key. c. You can’t have locked the door because here’s the key. d. You weren’t able to lock the door because here’s the key. 14. John was not here yesterday. Perhaps he was ill. a. John needn’t be here yesterday because he was ill. b. Because of his illness, John shouldn’t have been here yesterday. c. John might have been ill yesterday, so he was not here. d. John must have been ill yesterday, so he was not here. 15. I took a sweater but it was not necessary. a. I needn’t have taken a sweater. b. It was too necessary for me to take a sweater. c. I should have taken a sweater. d. I must have taken a sweater. The end 8. COMPARISONS Comparisons Forms Examples Positive: Thể khẳng định. - Tom is as tall as his friend. - AS + short ADJ/ADV + AS - Lan is as beautiful as Hoa. 1/Equal Comparison - AS + long ADJ/ADV + AS (So sánh bằng) Negative: Thể phủ định. - Bill is not so tall as Binh. - NOT + SO(AS) + short ADJ/ADV + AS - Lan is not as beautiful as Thu. - NOT + SO(AS) + long ADJ/ADV + AS 1. short ADJ/ADV + ER + THAN - I am taller than Mary. 2. MORE + long ADJ/ADV + THAN - I am more beautiful than Daisy. 3. Good/Well - Better - He is better than his brother. Bad/Badly - Worse 2/Comparative Many/Much - More (So sánh hơn) Little - Less Far - Farther/Further 3/Comparision of 4. - LESS + short ADJ/ADV+THAN - Hanoi is less big than HCM city Inferiority - LESS + long ADJ/ADV+THAN - This film is less interesting than (So sánh kém) the one we saw last night. 1. THE + short ADJ/ADV + EST - Tom is the tallest boy. 2 THE + MOST + long ADJ/ADV - Tom is the most intelligent boy. 3. Good/Well – the best 4/Superlative Bad/Badly – the worst (So sánh nhất) Many/Much – the most - Peter is the best boy. Little – the least Far – the farthest/the furthest 1. S+V+ short ADJ+ER and short ADJ + ER - She is taller and taller. 23
24. 2. S+ V+ MORE and MORE + long ADJ - She is more and more studious. 5/Double 3. THE + short ADJ + ER + S +V, THE + - The fatter they get, the weaker comparison short ADJ+ ER+ S+V. they feel. (So sánh kép) 4. THE + MORE+ long ADJ + S+ V, THE + - The more comfortable the house MORE + long ADJ+ S+ is, the more expensive it is. 6/ Notes 1. Hot >Hotter >Hottest - Today is hotter than yesterday. (Ghi chú) 2. Large >Larger >Largest - This city is larger than that one. 3. Happy >Happier >Happiest - He is easier than his father. 4. Clever >Cleverer >Cleverest - She is cleverer than her sister. EXERCISES I. Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D that best completes each sentence. 1. ___ you study for these exams, ___ you will do. a. The harder / the better b. The more / the much c. The hardest / the best d. The more hard / the more good, 2. My neighbor is driving me mad! It seems that ___ it is at night, ___ he plays his music! a. the less / the more loud b. the less / less c. the more late / the more loudlier d. the later / the louder 3. Thanks to the progress of science and technology, our lives have become ___. a. more and more good b. better arid better c. the more and more good d. gooder and gooder 4. The Sears Tower is ___ building in Chicago. a. taller b. the more tall c. the tallest d. taller and taller 5. Petrol is ___ it used to. a. twice as expensive as b. twice expensive more than c. twice more than expensive d. more expensive than twice 6. San Diego is town in Southern California. a. more nice and nice b. the nicer c. the nicest d. nicer and nicer 7. It gets ___ when the winter is coming. a. cold and cold b. the coldest and coldest c. colder and colder d. more and more cold 8. Robert does not have ___ Peter does. a. money more than b. as many money as c. more money as d. as much money as 9. The Mekong Delta is ___ deltas in Vietnam. a. the largest of the two b. the more larger of the two c. one of the two largest d. one of the two larger 10. People should eat ___ and do ___ to reduce the risk of heart disease. a. less fat / more exercise b. less and less fat / the more exercise c. the less fat / the more exercise d. fatter / more exercise 11. He spent a year in India and loves spicy food. ___ the food is, ___ he likes it. a. The hotter / the more and more b. The hotter / the more c. The more and more hot / the more d. The hottest / the most 12. Of course you can come to the party. ___. a. The more the merrier b. The more and the merrier c. The more and merrier d. The more and more merrier 13. I feel ___ I did yesterday. a. much more tired than b. many more tired than c. as many tired as d. as more tired as 14. She is ___ a spectator. a. more an athlete than b. more of an athlete than c. an athlete more than d. an athlete of more than 15. ___ live in Ho Chi Minh City than in the whole of the rest of the country. a. As much as people b. More people c. As many as people d. People more 16. It gets ___ to understand what the professor has explained. a. the more difficult b. more difficult than c. difficult more and more d. more and more difficult 17. You must drive slower in built up areas. ___ you drive in the city, it is ___ that you will have an accident. a. The faster and faster / the more b. The faster / the more probable c. The more and more fast / the more and more probable 24
25. d. The more fastly / the probable 18. The party was ___ I had expected. a. more a hundred times fun than b. a hundred times fun more than c. a hundred times more fun than d. more fun than a hundred times 19. He finds physics ___ other science subjects. a. far more difficult than b. many more difficult than c. too much more difficult than d. more much difficult than 20. ___ he drank, ___ he became. a. More / more violent b. The most / the most violent c. The more / the more violent d. The less / less violent 21. The cuisine of France is ___. a. more famous than that of England b. famous than the cuisine of England c. more famous than which of England d. as famous than that of England 22. Earning money has always been the thing that pleases him most. ___ he becomes, ___he is. a. The more rich / the more happy b. The richest / the happiest c. The richer / the happier d. Richer and richer / happier and happier 23. The fast we finish, ___. a. the sooner we can leave b. we can leave sooner and sooner c. the sooner can we leave d. we can leave the sooner 24. Of all athletes, Alex is ___. a. the less qualified b. the less and less qualified c. the more and more qualified d. the least qualified, 25. The climber was seventy miles in the wrong direction and got ___. a. more panicked b. the more panicked c. more than panicked d. more and more panicked II. Choose the sentence which has the closest meaning to the original one. 26. There are more sports competed in this SEA Games than in last SEA Games. a. The sports competed ill this SEA Games are the same as those in last SEA Games. b. Not as many sports were competed in last SEA Games as in this SEA Games. c. In the last SEA Games there were some sports which were not competed. d. In this SEA Games, there are less sports competed than in last SEA Games. 27. No one in the team can play better than John. a. John plays well but the others play better. b. John as well as other players of the team plays very well. c. Everyone in the team, but John, plays very well. d. John is the best player of the team. 28. He only feels happy whenever he does not have much work to do. a. The more he works, the happier he feels. b. The less he works, the happier he feels. c. His work makes him feel happy. d. He feels happier and happier with his work. 29. More petrol is consumed nowadays than ten years ago. a. Not so much petrol was consumed ten years ago as nowadays. b. Petrol consumption is going down nowadays. c. We had more petrol ten years ago than we do nowadays. d. We should consume as much petrol as possible. 30. I learn a lot but I cannot remember anything. a. I learn more and more and remember more and more. b. The less I learn, the more I remember. c. The more I learn, the less I remember. d. I remember not only what I have learnt. 31. If it rains and rains, you feel more like not going out. a. The more you like going out, the more it rains. b. The more it rains, the more you feel like going out. c. The more it rains, the less you feel like going out. d. The less it rains, the more you feel like going out. 32. The harder my father works, the less time he spends with the family. a. My father spends much time working with the family. b. My father enjoys his work so much that he works so hard. c. The more time my father spends with the family, the happier he feels. d. My father doesn’t spend much time with the family as he works so hard. III. Choose the incorrect part indicated by A, B, C, and D in the following sentences. 33. Thanks to the progress of science and technology, our lives have become gooder and gooder. 25
26. a b c d 34. Not as many children reads books as a recreational activity than they used to. a b c d 35. Everyone likes reading more better than usual when they like the subject. a b c d 36. The more difficult the task is, the more challenging is it. a b c d 37. As it was getting dark, it was becoming more and more difficulty to see everything in the house a b c without electricity. d 38. According to optimists, in the future we will live in a much clean environment, breathing fresher a b c air, and eating healthier food. d 39. It is said that young Asians are not as romance than their American counterparts. a b c d 40. The first SEA Games were held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 12 to 17 December,1959 comprising a b c more and more 527 athletes and officials d The end 9. PHRASAL VERBS Ngữ động từ là động từ kép gồm có một động từ và một giới từ, trạng từ hoặc với cả hai. Các ngữ động từ không có nghĩa do các từ gộp lại nên ta phải học thuộc nghĩa của chúng. Ví dụ : turn down (bác bỏ), break down (hỏng máy), give up (từ bỏ) Ngữ động từ có thể phân biệt làm bốn loại : 1. Ngữ động từ tách ra được (separable phrasal verbs) là các ngữ động từ cho phép tân ngữ chen vào ở giữa. Ví dụ : + We put out the fire. = We put the fire out + We put it out (không được nói “We put out it” ) 2. Ngữ động từ không tách ra được (inseparable phrasal verbs ) là các ngữ động từ không cho phép tân ngữ chen vào ở giữa, dù tân ngữ là danh từ hay đại từ. + We should go over the whole project. + We should go over it. 3. Ngoài ra, ta còn gặp ngữ động từ không có tân ngữ (intransitive phrasal verbs). + When we got to the airport, the plane had taken off. 4. Ngữ động từ gồm có từ (three-word phrasal verbs) là các ngữ động từ không thể tách ra được. + We’ve put up with our noisy neighbours four years. + The machine stopped working because it ran out of fuel.  Các giới từ và trạng từ thông dụng trong ngữ động từ : Down (xuống đất) : cut down a tree, pull down a building, knock him down Down ( lên giấy) : write down the number, copy down the addres, note down a lecture Down (giảm bớt) : turn down the volume, slow down, ( a fire) that đie down Down ( ngừng hoạt động hoàn toàn) : break down, close down Off (rời khỏi) : set off a journey, a plane that took off, see a friend off at the airport, sell goods off cheaply, a book cover that came off. Off (làm gián đoạn) : turn off/switch off the television, cut off the electricity On ( mặc, mang vao) : have a shirt on, put the shoes on, try a coat on On (tiếp tục) : keep on doing sth, work on late, hang on/hold on On (kết nối) : turn on/switch on the light, leave the radio on Out (biến mất) : put out a fire, blow out the candle, wipe out the dirt, cross out the word Out (hoàn toàn, đến hết) : clean out the table, fill out a form, work out the answer Out (phân phát) : give out/hand out copies, share out the flood between them Out (lớn giọng) : read out all the names, shout out, cry out, speak out Out (rõ ràng) : make out the meanings, point out a mítake, pick out the best Over (từ đầu đến cuối) : read over/check over sth, think over/talk over a problem, go over a report Up (làm gia tăng) : turn up the volume, blow up/pump up a tyre, step up production Up (hoàn toàn, hết sạch) : eat/drink it up, use up sth, clear up/tidy up the mess EXERCISES I. Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. When the police investigate a crime, they ___ evidence such as fingerprints, hair, or clothing. 26
27. A. look after B. look up to C. look for D. look into 2. “Do you ___ your new roommate, or do you two argue?” A. keep in touch with B. get along with C. on good terms with D. get used to 3. After months of testing, the Russian space scientists ___ a space suit that works better than any other in history. A. came up B. came up with C. came up to D. came out with 4. Let’s check our hotel room ___ before we pay for it. A. out B. away C. up D. off 5. He lost the tennis match, so we will try to cheer him ___ A. out B. away C. on D. up 6. The mechanic broke the engine ___ its many components A. up into B. into C. down into D. off into 7. The couple broke ___ their engagement after they had a huge argument. A. in B. over C. off D. away 8. The new mayor will bring ___ a change in local government policies. A. with B. out C. up D. about 9. Sahra said she took golf ___ so that she could meet more interesting people. A. on B. over C. back D. up 10. Try ___ this bicycle to determine if you feel comfortable on it. A. out B. on C. off D. at 11. She turned the first offer ___ because she wanted more money for her house. A. off B. away C. out D. down 12. They decided to name the new baby boy___ Grandpa. A. of B. after C. with D. as 13. Mom told little boys to put all his toys ___ before coming to dinner. A. out B. off C. away D. in 14.The couple put their wedding ___ until next year. A. off B. up C. on D. away 15. The gunman told the victim to hand ___ all his money. A. out B. over C. in D. off 16. Don’t throw your jacket on the bed. Hang it ___ A. up B. over C. on D. in 17. The supervisor told her to keep ___ the good work. A. over B. on C. with D.up 18. Man is killing ___ all the fish in the sea. A. out B. away C. off D. up 19. If you leave ___ any information, the form will be returned to you. A. down B. out C. up D. away 20. Security is very important in this building. Don’t let anyone ___ unless they show you proper identification. A. in B. out C. off D. on 21. People who don’t get ___ their coworkers sometimes don’t last long at their jobs. A. up with B. along with C. on to D. by with 22. It’s difficult to ___ luxuries when you ‘re used to having them A. cut down on B. cut down at C.cut off on D. cut down into 23. Governments should ___ international laws against terrorism. A. bring up B. bring about C. bring in D. bring back 24. “Can you read the sign?” “Just a minute. Let me ___ my glasses.” A. put off B. put on C. put with D. put away 25. “That old paint that you have stored in your garage is a fine hazart.” “You’ve right.I should ___ it.” A. get away from B. get rid of C. get through with D. get along with 26. “You must be anxious to go on your vacation.” “I certainly am. I’m really___ this trip. A. looking for B. looking forward C. looking forward to D. looking up to 27. “Who ___ out that tie for you?” “No one. I chose it myself.” A. bought B. brought C. turned D. picked 28. I was talking to my aunt when suddenly my cousin George ___ in on our conversation. A. interrupted B. broke C. went D. interviewed 29. After ten minutes, the students ___ in their quizzes to the instructor. A. gave B. had C. held D. handed 30. “What ___ your flight?” “There was a big snowstorm in Denver that delayed a lot of flights” A. delayed up B. postponed C. held up D. hung up II. Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting 1. It took him a long time to take away the death of his wife. A B C D 2. Billy hasn't been working; he won't get off his examinations. A B C D 3. Gertrude takes down her mother; she has blue eyes and fair hair too. A B C D 4. The government hopes to carry on its plans for introducing cable TV. A B C D 27
28. 5. Remember to take care your shoes when you are in a Japanese house. A B C D 6. Why do they give up talking about money all the time? A B C D 7. Paula applied for the post but she was turned down A B C D III. Choose the correct sentence among A, B, C or D which has the same meaning as the given one. 1. The bomb exploded with a loud bang which could be heard all over the town. A. went on B. went out C. went off D. went away 2. John, could you look after my handbag while I go out for a minute. A. take part in B. take over C. take place D. take care of 3. Look out! There’s a car coming! A. The car is behind you, so you should run. B. Don’t go away because the car is coming. C. Hurry up or you will be late for the car. D. You should be careful because the car is coming. 4. Both Ann and her sister look like her mother. A. take after B. take place C. take away D. take on 5. I’ll be back in a minute, Jane. I just want to try out my new tape recorder. A. resemble B. test C. arrive D. buy 6. Frank never turns up on time for a meeting. A. calls B. arrives C. reports D. prepares 7. Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.{ put off: postpone: delay} A. do B. let C. delay D. leave 8. My father still hasn’t really recovered from the death of my mother. A. looked after B. taken after C. gone off D. got over 10. ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME A. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian (Adverbial clause of time / Time-clause) thường được kết hợp với mệnh đề chính bằng các liên từ thời gian (conjunctions of time) sau: when, while, as, as soon as, until/til, after, before, since, once, whenever, the moment, no sooner than, hardly when B. Use of tenses in the Time-clause: Chúng ta có thể phân biệt cách dùng thì trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian theo 3 nhóm sau: 1. Main clause (Present simple) + Time clause (Present simple, present progressive or present perfect) * Cả hai mệnh đề đều dùng thì hiện tại đơn để chỉ I normally stay at hom when it rains một thói quen ở hiện tại * Mệnh đề chỉ thời gian dùng với thì hiện tại tiếp He usually sings aloud when he is having a bath. diễn dùng để chỉ tính liên tục của hành động. He only goes out for a walk after he has had dinner. * Mệnh đề thời gian dùng với thì hiện tại hoàn Or: He only goes out for a walk after he has thành để nhấn mạnh sự hoàn tất của một hành dinner. động. 2. Main clause (Future tenses) + Time clause (Present simple or present perfect) - I’m going to wait until you finish work * Mệnh đề chính: Thì tương lai. - I am going to wait until you have finished work. * Mệnh đề thời gian: có thể dùng thì hiện tại đơn - We will go until you finish work. hoặc hiện tại hoàn thành. - We will go until you have finished work. * Mệnh đề chính: Thì tương lai hoàn thành để chỉ - The film will have already begun by the time we việc gì sẽ hoàn tất trước một việc gì khác trong get to the cinema. tương lai. * Mệnh đề thời gian: Thường dùng với thì hiện tại đơn. 3. Main clause (past simple, past progressive or past perfect) + time clause (past simple, past progressive, or past perfect) - She became speechless whenever she met a stranger. * Cả hai mệnh đề dùng thì quá khứ đơn để chi - I usually felt cold when I was afraid. một thói quen trong quá khứ. - The sun was shining when we arrived there. * Mệnh đề chính: dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn, để - The accident happened while he was driving nói điều gì đang diễn ra thì một việc khác làm home. gián đoạn. - My wife was cooking while I was looking after the baby. * Cả hai mệnh đề đều dùng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn - As the man was running away, the dog was để chỉ hai hành động cùng đồng thời diễn ra chasing him. trong khoảng thời gian. * Hai mệnh đề đều dùng thì quá khứ đơn để diễn - When I arrived, Anne made a cup of tea. tả hai hành động kế tiếp nhau (= khi tôi đến thì Ann mới đi pha trà). 28
29. - When / Before I arrived, Anne had made some * Mệnh đề chính dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành để biscuits. nói một hành động đã hoàn tất trước một hành Or: Anne had made some biscuits when/before I động khác trong quá khứ (=Khi tôi đến thì Anne arrived. đã làm xong bánh qui). * Chú ý: Khi dùng since, chúng ta thường dùng thì trong hai mệnh đề như sau: Main clause (present perfect) + Time clause (past simple). Ví dụ: - Tommy has made good progress since he came to this school. - I have been feeling better since since I took that medicin. - Since she graduated from college, she has changed her job three times. Các ví dụ khác với mệnh đề thời gian: - I still feel tired when I wake up in the morning. - His hands shake whenever he takes a photo. - When he arrives, he’ll tell us about the plan. - The moment/ As soon as I know the result, I’ll call you. - He had an accident while he was driving to work. - He didn’t go home until he had finished his work. - They were quarreling as they were driving home. Chú ý: a) Hầu hết các thì đều được dùng trong mệnh đề thời gian, ngoại trừ các thì tương lai (future tenses). Ví dụ: - I’ll ask Brian about this when I meet him tomorrow. (Not: I’ll ask Brian about this when I will meet him tomorrow.) - Lily intended to tell Gary the truth when she saw him the next day. (Not: Lily intended to tell Gary the truth when she would see him the next day). b) Chúng ta dùng thì quá khứ đơn đối với mệnh đề thời gian sau SINCE trong cấu trúc: It is + Time + since + Subject + Past simple. Ví dụ: - It’s ages since I enjoyed myself so much. (= I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for ages) - It’s ten years since I last visited my hometown. (= I haven’t visited my hometown for ten years) Đôi khi người ta cũng dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành sau SINCE trong cấu trúc này. Ví dụ: - It’s ages since I have enjoyed myself so much. c) No sooner than và Hardly when: Chúng ta thường dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành trong mệnh đề chính và thì quá khứ đơn trong mệnh đề thời gian với no sooner than / hardly when. Ví dụ: - She had no sooner drunk the coffee than she began to feel drowsy. - I had hardly turned on my computer when there was a power cut. Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng thì hiện tại đơn với no sooner than / hardly when để diễn tả thói quen hoặc việc thường xuyên xảy ra. Ví dụ: - They no sooner stop a quarrel than they start a new one. - He hardly makes any money when he spends it on gambling. Chú ý: Hardly có thể được thay thế bằng scarcely hoặc barely, nhưng không thông dụng lắm. Ví dụ: - He had scarcely/ barely bought a new cellphone when he got it lost. EXERCISES I. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences. 1. Lan has learnt English since she___ a small girl. A. is B. was C. has been D. had been 2. Don’t go anywhere until I___ back. A. come B. came C. will come D. am coming 3. Before cars___, people___ horses and bicycles. A. were discovered/ had used B. discovering/ had used C. had discovered/ used D. discovered/ had used 4. I am going to speak with the boss when the meeting ___. A. will end B. ends C. is ending D. would end 5. When we___ him tomorrow, we will remind him of that. A. will see B. see C. am seeing D. saw. 6. When he comes, I___ her the news. A. tell B. will tell C. would tell D. would have told 7. When the police came, they ___. 29
30. A. are fighting B. fought C. would be fighting D. were fighting 8. Before she came to England, she ___ English. A. studied B. will study C. had studied D was studying 9. I have lost touch with him ___ He left for London. A. as soon as B. after C. before D. since 10. My mother is washing the dishes ___ my father is watching television. A. when B. while C. as D. since 11. ___, I will give him the report. A. When he will return B. When he returns C. Until he will return D. No sooner he returns 12. ___ the firemen arrived to help, we had already put out the fire. A. Until B. No sooner C. By the time D. After 13. I have earned my own living ___ I was seven. A. since B. when C. while D. as soon as 14. saw many beautiful birds ___ in the lake. A when we are fishing B. while fishing C. while fished D. fishing 15. ___, Peter came to see me. A. While having dinner B. While I was having dinner C. When having dinner D. When lam having dinner 16. ___ my homework, I went to bed. A. After I had finished B. After finished C. Finished D. After had finished 17. ___ the dance, Jerry said good-bye to his girlfriend. A. Before left B. Before he leaves C. Before leaving D. Before he will leave 18. Jones ___ after everyone ___. A. speaks / will eat B. will speak / has eaten C. is speaking / eats D. has spoken / will have eaten 19. ___, Joe stays in bed and reads magazines. A. Whenever raining B. As it will be raining C. When it will rain D. Whenever it rains 20. ___ in Rome than he was kidnapped. A. No sooner he arrived B. Had he no sooner arrived C. No sooner had he arrived D. No sooner he had arrived 21. ___ Peter gets here, we will congratulate him. A. As soon as B. After C. No sooner D. Since 22. Mrs. Pike ___ the door before the customers arrived. A. had opened B. will open C. would open D. has open 23. After Mariana ___ her exam, I ___ her out to eat. A. was finishing / would take B. finished / had taken C. will finish / have taken D. has finished / will take 24. Mary will have finished all her work ___. A. as soon as her boss returned B. until her boss will return C. by the time her boss returns D. when he-r boss will return 25. She went on crying, with her head sunk into a pillow, and cried and cried ___ the pillow was wet through. A. before B. after C. until D. while 26. ___ you finish typing that report make five copies of it and give it to aloof the officers. A. While B. When C. But D. Although 27. When the passenger ___, will you please give him this package? A. will arrive B. arrives C. would arrives D. arriving 28. They were playing in the garden when___. A. they have heard a scream B. they were hearing a scream C. they heard a scream D. they had heard a scream 29. He cleaned his shoes___ they shone. A. when B. after C. while D. until 30. I had no sooner lit the barbecue ___ it started to rain. A. as B. while C. than D. that 31. When the paint___ it’ll change from a light to a deep red. A. dry B. dries C. dried D. will dry 32. When___ older I’d love to be an artist. A. I’m B. I’ll be C. was D. have been 33. By the time he retires, he___ $20,000. A. will save B. has saved C. had saved D. will have saved 30
31. 34. When I___ here for fifteen years I'll be entitled to a pension. A. work B. am working C. have worked D. had worked II. Identify the underlined part that needs correction. 1. When it raining, I usually go to school by bus. A B C D 2. I learned a lot of Japanese while I am in Tokyo. A B C D 3. I have not been well since I return home. A B C D 4. I’ll stay here until will you get back. A B C D 5. When Sam was in New York, he stays with his cousins. A B C D 6. Last night, I had gone to bed after I had finished my homework. A B C D 7. I will call you before I will come over. A B C D 8. Ever since I was a child, I had been afraid of dogs. A B C D 9. By the time I left my apartment this morning, someone looked for me. A B C D 10. Whenever Mark will be angry, his nose gets red. A B C D 11. I had fried chicken when I am at the restaurant. A B C D 12. The first time that I went to New York, I go to an opera. A B C D 13. Before I arrived, he was talking on the phone. A B C D 14. When she will see him tomorrow, she will ask him. A B C D 15. As I was walking home, it begin to rain. A B C D 16. We stayed there after we finished our work. A B C D 17. Once it will stop raining, we will leave. A B C D 18. I will never speak to him again as long as I will live. A B C D 19. As soon as the other passengers gets on the bus, we’ll leave. A B C D 20. As soon as I will finish my report, I’ll call you and we’ll go out to dinner. A B C D 21. Mark was listening to music after his sister was reading a book. A B C D 22. Sam hadn’t received the parcel when I speak to him. A B C D 23. I have been hoping to meet you before I read your first novel. A B C D 24. By the time you finishes getting ready, we will have missed the train. A B C D 25. When you will arrive, there will be someone to meet. A B C D III. Choose the correct sentence which has the same meaning as the given one. 1. Michael took a deep breath and dived into the water. A. After Michael had taken a deep breath, he dived into the water. B. Having taken a taken a deep breath, Michael dived into the water. C. After Michael had taken a deep breath, he had dived into the water. D. A and B are correct. 2. Someone knocked on the door during my lunchtime. A. I had lunch when someone knocked on the door. B. When I had had lunch, someone knocked on the door. C. I was having lunch when someone was knocking on the door. 31